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Front Barat (Perang Dunia II)

Front Barat dari kawasan Eropa saat Perang Dunia II terdiri dari Denmark, Norwegia, Luksemburg, Belgia, Belanda, dan Jerman Barat.[36] Front Barat ini ditandai dengan 2 fase operasi skala besar. Fase pertama adalah dikuasai Belanda, Belgia, dan Prancis pada bulan Mei dan Juni 1940 oleh Nazi Jerman dan berlanjut pada peperangan udara antara Jerman dan Inggris (Pertempuran Britania). Fase kedua adalah peperangan darat skala besar yang dimulai dengan pendaratan pasukan sekutu di Normandia dan berlanjut sampai kalahnya Jerman bulan Mei 1945.

Referensi

  1. ^ "Royal Artillery". www.heritage.nf.ca.
  2. ^ Nicholson, G.W.L. (1969). More Fighting Newfoundlanders: A History of Newfoundland's Fighting Forces in the Second World War. St. John's: Government of Newfoundland.
  3. ^ "Newsletter Volume 3 Issue 1" (PDF). rnfldrmuseum.ca. 2019.
  4. ^ a b Frieser, Karl-Heinz (2013)The Blitzkrieg Legend. Naval Institute Press
  5. ^ MacDonald, C (2005), The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations. University Press of the Pacific, p. 478
  6. ^ Ellis 1993, hlm. 256. "Total German soldiers who surrendered in the West, including 3,404,950 who surrendered after the end of the war, is given as 7,614,790. To this must be added the 263,000–655,000 who died, giving a rough total of 8 million German soldiers having served on the Western Front in 1944–1945."
  7. ^ Horst Boog; Gerhard Krebs; Detlef Vogel (2006). Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943-1944/5. Clarendon Press. hlm. 522. ISBN 978-0-19-822889-9. Quoting Alfred Jodl's "Strategic situation in spring 1944" presentation. The total given for German forces in the west in May 1944, prior to a slight upgrade of forces in the west in preparation for Operation Overlord, was 1,873,000 personnel.
  8. ^ a b Ellis 1993, hlm. 255
  9. ^ Hooton 2007, hlm. 90
  10. ^ MacDonald, C (2005), The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations. p. 478. "Allied casualties from D-day to V–E totaled 766,294. American losses were 586,628, including 135,576 dead. The British, Canadians, French, and other allies in the west lost slightly over 60,000 dead.
  11. ^ a b Ellis 1993, hlm. 256
  12. ^ US Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War 2: Final Report. Combined Arms Research Library, Department of the Army. 25 June 1953.
  13. ^ Zaloga 2015, hlm. 239, 6,084 U.S. Army tanks destroyed, including 4,399 M4 Sherman tanks, 178 M4 (105) and 1,507 M5A1 Stuart tanks..
  14. ^ a b Zaloga 2015, hlm. 276.
  15. ^ Zaloga 2015, hlm. 277, 4,477 British Commonwealth tanks destroyed, including 2,712 M4 Sherman tanks, 656 Churchill tanks, 609 Cromwell tanks, 433 M3 Stuart tanks, 39 Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger tanks, 26 Comet tanks, 2 M24 Chaffee tanks..
  16. ^ Zaloga 2015, hlm. 239, 909 U.S. Army tank destroyers destroyed, including 540 M10 tank destroyers, 217 M18 Hellcat tank destroyers and 152 M36 tank destroyers..
  17. ^ Beaumont 1987, hlm. 13.
  18. ^ a b Frieser 1995, hlm. 400
  19. ^ L'Histoire, No. 352, April 2010 France 1940: Autopsie d'une défaite, p. 59.
  20. ^ Shepperd 1990, hlm. 88
  21. ^ Hooton 2010, hlm. 73
  22. ^ George C Marshall (1996). Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War : 1 July 1939–30 June 1945 (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: Center of Military History. hlm. 202. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2 May 2017. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2025.
  23. ^ MacDonald 1993, hlm. 478. "exclusive of prisoners of war, all German casualties in the west from D-day to V–E Day probably equaled or slightly exceeded Allied losses". In the related footnote he writes the following: "The only specific figures available are from OB WEST for the period 2 June 1941 – 10 April 1945 as follows: Dead, 80,819; wounded, 265,526; missing, 490,624; total, 836,969. (Of the total, 4,548 casualties were incurred prior to D-day.) See Rpts, Der Heeresarzt im Oberkommando des Heeres Gen St d H/Gen Qu, Az.: 1335 c/d (IIb) Nr.: H.A./263/45 g. Kdos. of 14 Apr 45 and 1335 c/d (Ilb) (no date, but before 1945). The former is in OCMH X 313, a photostat of a document contained in German armament folder H 17/207; the latter in folder 0KW/1561 (OKW Wehrmacht Verluste). These figures are for the field army only, and do not include the Luftwaffe and Waffen-SS. Since the Germans seldom remained in control of the battlefield in a position to verify the status of those missing, a considerable percentage of the missing probably were killed. Time lag in reporting probably precludes these figures' reflecting the heavy losses during the Allied drive to the Rhine in March, and the cut-off date precludes inclusion of the losses in the Ruhr Pocket and in other stages of the fight in central Germany."
  24. ^ Overmans 2000, hlm. 265, 266, 275 and 279.
  25. ^ Percy Schramm (1961). Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940 – 1945: 8 Bde. Bernard und Graefe. hlm. 1508–1511. ISBN 9783881990738. Only includes those wounded who were not captured after, and only records wounded up to 31 January 1945. Likely to be drastically underestimated considering the corresponding figures for the Eastern Front on the same document.
  26. ^ Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-231-11200-9, p. 421.
  27. ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78
  28. ^ Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus, bundesarchiv.de; accessed 5 March 2016.(German)
  29. ^ Frumkin, Gregory (1951). Population Changes in Europe Since 1939. London: Allen & Unwin. hlm. 58–59. OCLC 924672733.
  30. ^ "Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Netherlands" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  31. ^ Frumkin 1951, hlm. 44–45
  32. ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013–2014, p. 44.
  33. ^ Frumkin 1951, hlm. 144
  34. ^ "Hvor mange dræbte danskere?". Danish Ministry of Education. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  35. ^ Frumkin 1951, hlm. 59
  36. ^ Jerman mengerahkan 40% angkatan darat dan 75% Luftwaffe mereka di Front Barat. Tahun 1944, ada sekitar 69 divisi Jerman di Prancis dan 19 di Italia (jumlahnya tidak pasti karena adanya pemindahan dan peletakan baru) Keegan, John (1990). The Second World War. Menurut David Glantz PDF Diarsipkan 2011-07-09 di Wayback Machine., pada bulan Januari 1945 pasukan Poros telah mengerahkan 2,3 juta melawan Tentara Merah. Namun, akibat kurang persiapan pada musim dingin, mereka mengalami kekalahan dengan 510.000 tentara terbunuh di Timur dan 325.000 di Barat. Bulan April 1945, 1,96 juta tentara Jerman menghadapi 6,4 juta pasukan Tentara Merah di perbatasan Berlin, Cekoslowakia, dan beberapa daerah di kawasan timur lainnya. Di sisi lain, 4 juta tentara Sekutu di barat menghadapi tentara Jerman yang kurang dari 1 juta orang. Bulan Mei 1945, Soviet menerima 1,5 juta tentara yang menyerah, sedangkan di sisi lain 1 juta tentara Jerman lain menyerah pada Inggris dan Amerika.
  • Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993). Riviera to the Rhine. United States Army in World War II., European theater of operations. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0-16-025966-1. CMH Pub. 7-10.
  • Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the combatants. BCA. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6.
  • Gootzen, Har and Connor, Kevin (2006). "Battle for the Roer Triangle" ISBN 978-90-90-21455-9.See [1] Diarsipkan 2020-10-24 di Wayback Machine.
  • Hastings, Max. (2004). Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41433-9.
  • MacDonald, Charles B. (1993) [1973]. The Last Offensive. United States Army in World War II., European theater of operations (Edisi Special commemorative). Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. OCLC 41111259. CMH pub. 7-9-1.
  • Seaton, Albert (1971). The Russo-German War. New York: Praeger Publishers.
  • Weigley, Russell F. (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-13333-5.
  • Willis, Frank Roy (1962). The French in Germany, 1945–1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Zaloga, Steve, and Dennis, Peter (2006). Remagen 1945: endgame against the Third Reich. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-249-0.
  • Murray, Williamson and Millett, Alan R. (2000). A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00680-1.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

  • Ellis, L. F. (1968). Victory in the West (Volume II). London: HMSO.
  • Kurowski, Franz. (2005). Endkampf um das Reich 1944–1945. Erlangen: Karl Müller Verlag. ISBN 3-86070-855-4.
  • Young, Peter, editor. World Almanac of World War II. St. Martin's Press.

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