Daftar halusinogen

Ini merupakan daftar halusinogen, atau obat psikoaktif yang menghasilkan perubahan kesadaran yang signifikan.[1]

Psikedelik

Obat psikedelik, juga dikenal sebagai psikedelik serotonergik atau halusinogen klasik, adalah agonis reseptor serotonin 5-HT2A, anggotanya meliputi:

Disosiatif

Obat disosiatif, juga dikenal sebagai halusinogen disosiatif atau anestesi disosiatif, adalah antagonis reseptor NMDA, anggotanya meliputi:[2]

Delirian

Delirian adalah antagonis reseptor asetilkolina muskarinik, juga dikenal sebagai antimuskarinik atau antikolinergik, anggotanya meliputi:[3][4]

Agonis reseptor κ-opioid

Agonis reseptor κ-opioid dengan efek halusinogenik meliputi yang berikut:

GABAergik

Agonis reseptor GABAA

Agonis reseptor GABAA dengan efek halusinogenik meliputi:

Agonis reseptor GABAA tidak langsung

Modulator alosterik positif reseptor GABAA

Penghambat penyerapan kembali GABA

  • CI-966, penghambat transporter GABA 1 (GAT-1) yang ampuh

Oneirogen

Oneirogen, juga dikenal sebagai oneirophrenik, memiliki mekanisme kerja yang tidak diketahui, dan anggotanya meliputi:

  • β-Karbolin dan alkaloid harmala seperti harmina, harmalina, tetrahidroharmina (THH), 6-metoksiharmalan, dan 6-MeO-THH
  • Alkaloid iboga seperti ibogaina dan noribogaina

Kanabinoid

Kanabinoid dengan efek halusinogenik adalah agonis reseptor kanabinoid CB1, dan anggotanya meliputi:[5][6][7][8]

  • Fitokanabinoid seperti Δ9-tetrahidrokanabinol9-THC atau hanya THC)
  • Kanabinoid sintetis seperti seperti nabilona, JWH-018, JWH-073, dan HU-210

Beberapa penghambat monoasilgliserol lipase (MAGL), yang menghambat metabolisme endokannabinoid dan karenanya merupakan agonis reseptor CB1 kanabinoid tidak langsung, juga menghasilkan efek stimulus diskriminatif seperti kanabinoid sebagian atau penuh dalam uji diskriminasi obat pada hewan. Sebaliknya, penghambat asam lemak amida hidrolase (FAAH), yang juga menghambat inaktivasi endokanabinoid, tidak menggantikan kanabinoid, setidaknya secara sendirinya.[9]

Halusinogen lainnya

Halusinogen lain yang tidak diketahui termasuk dalam kelompok di atas meliputi:

Lihat juga

Referensi

  1. ^ Walker, Scott R.; Pullella, Glenn A.; Piggott, Matthew J.; Duggan, Peter J. (5 July 2023). "Introduction to the chemistry and pharmacology of psychedelic drugs". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 76 (5): 236–257. doi:10.1071/CH23050. ISSN 0004-9425.
  2. ^ Morris H, Wallach J (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Test Anal. 6 (7–8): 614–632. doi:10.1002/dta.1620. PMID 24678061.
  3. ^ Lakstygal AM, Kolesnikova TO, Khatsko SL, Zabegalov KN, Volgin AD, Demin KA, Shevyrin VA, Wappler-Guzzetta EA, Kalueff AV (May 2019). "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Atropine, Scopolamine, and Other Anticholinergic Deliriant Hallucinogens". ACS Chem Neurosci. 10 (5): 2144–2159. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00615. PMID 30566832.
  4. ^ Nerush MO, Shevyrin VA, Golushko NI, Moskalenko AM, Rosemberg DB, De Abreu MS, Yang LE, Galstyan DS, Lim LW, Demin KA, Kalueff AV (November 2024). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Deliriant Antihistaminic Drugs". ACS Chem Neurosci. 15 (21): 3848–3862. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00505. PMID 39404616.
  5. ^ Banister SD, Arnold JC, Connor M, Glass M, McGregor IS (May 2019). "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol". ACS Chem Neurosci. 10 (5): 2160–2175. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00651. PMID 30689342.
  6. ^ Wolinsky D, Barrett FS, Vandrey R (January 2024). "The psychedelic effects of cannabis: A review of the literature". J Psychopharmacol. 38 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1177/02698811231209194. PMID 37947321.
  7. ^ Barrett FS, Schlienz NJ, Lembeck N, Waqas M, Vandrey R (2018). ""Hallucinations" Following Acute Cannabis Dosing: A Case Report and Comparison to Other Hallucinogenic Drugs". Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 3 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1089/can.2017.0052. PMC 5908416. PMID 29682608.
  8. ^ Fattore L (April 2016). "Synthetic Cannabinoids-Further Evidence Supporting the Relationship Between Cannabinoids and Psychosis". Biol Psychiatry. 79 (7): 539–548. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.001. PMID 26970364.
  9. ^ Wiley JL, Owens RA, Lichtman AH (2018). "Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Phytocannabinoids, Endocannabinoids, and Synthetic Cannabinoids". The Behavioral Neuroscience of Drug Discrimination. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Vol. 39. hlm. 153–173. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_24. ISBN 978-3-319-98559-6. PMID 27278640.
  10. ^ Brimblecombe RW, Pinder RM (1975). "Phenylalkylamines and Their Derivatives". Hallucinogenic Agents. Bristol: Wright-Scientechnica. hlm. 55–97.
  11. ^ Heacock RA, Powell WS (1972). "Adrenochrome and related compounds". Prog Med Chem. Progress in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (2): 275–339. doi:10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70401-6. ISBN 978-0-7204-7409-1. PMID 4581204.
  12. ^ Hoffer, A.; Osmond, H. (1967). "Adrenochrome and Some of Its Derivatives". The Hallucinogens. Elsevier. hlm. 267–442. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3296-6.50007-0. ISBN 978-1-4832-3296-6.
  13. ^ Templat:CitePiHKAL "Also there had been interest in reports that adrenalin that had become old and discolored seemed to elicit central effects in man. The oxidation products were identified as the deeply colored indolic compound adrenochrome and the colorless analogue adrenolutin. The controversy that these reports created just sort of died away, and the adrenochrome family has never been accepted as being psychedelic. No one in the scientific community today is looking in and about the area, and at present this is considered as an interesting historical footnote. But, in any case, they are not phenethylamines and so not part of this book."
  14. ^ Presti, David E. (12 April 2017). "Altered States of Consciousness: Drug-Induced States". The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness (PDF). Wiley. hlm. 171–186. doi:10.1002/9781119132363.ch12. ISBN 978-0-470-67406-2. There are a number of substances that may be called psychedelic, but are not "classical psychedelics." Among these are methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A, the Amanita muscaria mushroom, tropane alkaloids and the plants from which they come, Cannabis and delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, ketamine, nitrous oxide, and carbogen. Although these substances also have "mind‐ manifesting" characteristics, the experiences they produce are qualitatively different from those of the classical psychedelics, and their known interactions with the nervous system also differ from 5HT2A receptor agonism. [...] Inhalation of carbogen, another gas, can induce profound alterations of consciousness that may possess psychedelic qualities (James & Erowid 2007). The psychoactive component of carbogen is simply carbon dioxide, mixed with enough oxygen to not be a suffocation risk. 30% CO2 and 70% O2 is a standard combination (Meduna 1950). Effects on cerebral blood flow and on blood pH are likely factors in carbogen‐induced altered states of consciousness. Similar mechanisms may be at work in the induction of powerful altered states via hyperventilation, a process that has been explored for millennia, from ancient practices in pranayama yoga to contemporary breath‐work therapies (Grof & Grof 2010).
  15. ^ James B, Erowid E (June 2007). "Carbogen: An Introduction". Erowid Extracts (12): 12–17.
  16. ^ Rovinskiĭ VI (September 1989). "Sluchaĭ galliutsinopodovnogo deĭstviia glautsina" [A case of hallucinogen-like action of glaucine]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 67 (9): 107–108. PMID 2586025.
  17. ^ Rovinskiĭ VI (2006). "[Acute glaucine syndrome in the physician's practice: the clinical picture and potential danger]". Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 84 (11): 68–70. PMID 17243616.
  18. ^ Dargan PI, Button J, Hawkins L, Archer JR, Ovaska H, Lidder S, et al. (May 2008). "Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational drug". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 64 (5): 553–554. doi:10.1007/s00228-007-0451-9. PMID 18204834. S2CID 21348503.
  19. ^ Heng HL, Chee CF, Thy CK, Tee JT, Chin SP, Herr DR, Buckle MJ, Paterson IC, Doughty SW, Abd Rahman N, Chung LY (February 2019). "In vitro functional evaluation of isolaureline, dicentrine and glaucine enantiomers at 5-HT2 and α1 receptors". Chem Biol Drug Des. 93 (2): 132–138. doi:10.1111/cbdd.13390. PMID 30216681.
  20. ^ Colin Domnauer (12 November 2025). "Experts Explore New Mushroom Which Causes Fairytale-Like Hallucinations". nhmu.utah.edu. Natural History Museum of Utah.
  21. ^ Alexander T. Shulgin; Thornton Sargent; Claudio Naranjo (1967). "The Chemistry and Psychopharmacology of Nutmeg and of Several Related Phenylisopropylamines". Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Raven Press. hlm. 202–214. ISBN 978-0-89004-047-8.
  22. ^ Edward B. Truitt, Jr. (1967). "The Pharmacology of Myristicin and Nutmeg". Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Raven Press. hlm. 215–229. ISBN 978-0-89004-047-8.

Konten ini disalin dari wikipedia, mohon digunakan dengan bijak.

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